What you should know about nosebleeds

Nosebleeds — also known as epistaxis — occur when the tiny blood vessels within the nose are injured and break, releasing blood. They are most common in younger children and older adults, and are classified by where they occur, which can be in the front or the back of the nose.

Nosebleeds are not usually the sign of a serious health concern.

What causes nosebleeds?

The most common causes of a nosebleed are dry indoor air, which leads the membranes in the nose to become dry and bleed, and nose picking.

There are a number of other possible causes.

Direct injuries or issues that may cause a nosebleed include:

climates with little humidity and hot, dry air;

colds and sinus infections;

forceful blowing or aggressive picking;

putting an object in the nose that does not belong there;

trauma that injures the nose and/or the face;

chemical substances;

blood-thinning medications such as aspirin or warfarin; and

surgery on the face or nose.

Underlying medical conditions that may cause a nosebleed include:

inflammation that may or may not be caused by allergies;

hemophilia;

high blood pressure;

leukemia;

liver disease;

platelet dysfunction;

thrombocytopenia;

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; and

deviated septum.

Nosebleed treatment

The first step in treating a nosebleed involves applying direct pressure to the nostrils by pinching them together. Pressure should be applied to the nose for at least 5 minutes, but should not exceed 20 minutes. Leaning forward as pressure is applied keeps blood from pooling in the back of the throat, which can cause airway obstruction and/or vomiting. It will also prevent the swallowing of blood. A tissue or washcloth can be used to catch the blood.

Blowing of the nose should not occur for at least 12 hours after bleeding stops. Do not bend over.

Nosebleeds that do not stop on their own may require additional treatments or strategies. These include:

nasal decongestants;

chemical cauterization; and

surgical ligation.

A physician will also determine whether an underlying cause is responsible for the bleed, such as a laceration. If there is, that problem should be addressed.

Preventing nosebleeds

Many lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk for a nosebleed.