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What is Sjögren’s syndrome?

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Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized primarily by dry eyes and mouth, which is caused by a person’s white blood cells attacking moisture glands, such as those that produce tears and saliva. People with Sjögren’s syndrome also may have joint pain and fatigue.

Over time, the symptoms associated with Sjögren’s syndrome can lead to complications, such as dental cavities, light sensitivity and vision issues, yeast infections and even extraglandular involvement, such as problems with the liver, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes and nerves. People who first develop symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome have a primary form of the disease. Those who develop symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome after showing signs of having another autoimmune disorder, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, have a secondary form of Sjögren’s syndrome.

Although the cause of Sjögren’s syndrome is unknown, it is believed to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors, with both hereditary traits and development of a bacterial or viral infection influencing the onset of the disease. Approximately 90% of people who have Sjögren’s syndrome are women.

Testing for Sjögren’s syndrome includes a blood test to check for antibodies specific to Sjögren’s syndrome and evidence of issues with the liver and kidneys, as well as evidence of inflammatory disease. It also includes dye tests to examine saliva and tear levels, eye tests to detect dryness levels and a lip biopsy. As Sjögren’s syndrome is similar to other autoimmune conditions, it can be misdiagnosed. It is estimated that people with Sjögren’s syndrome receive a diagnosis after an average of 3.9 years.

Treatment for Sjögren’s syndrome is focused around increasing production of saliva with drugs, such as pilocarpine and cevimeline, and prescription eye drops; and pain relief through non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hydroxychloroquine. In addition, methotrexate can be used for broad treatment of symptoms in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome.

References:

www.sjogrens.org
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sjogrens-syndrome/basics/definition/CON-20020275
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/sjogren-syndrome