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Influence of insulin resistance illustrates heightened CVD risk in ‘pre-prediabetes’
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PHILADELPHIA — Insulin resistance is a more important cardiometabolic risk factor than glucose tolerance, increasing cardiovascular risk even before hyperglycemia increases risk for diabetes, according to a speaker at the third annual Heart in Diabetes conference.
“I’m not really a believer that hyperglycemia is a major risk factor in developing cardiovascular disease, and the problem starts long before you develop diabetes,” Ralph A. DeFronzo, MD, director of the diabetes research unit at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, said during the presentation. “You’re going to see a new word that’s going to be introduced and that’s ‘pre-prediabetes,’ because the disease actually starts long before you become prediabetic, and the implication for this, of course, is that glucose is really not the big bad actor in the development of cardiovascular disease.”
Glucose level effect on CV risk
DeFronzo and colleagues conducted a meta-analysis in which they examined findings from 19 studies to determine whether prevalence and risk for CV complications, such as acute myocardial infraction, as well as mortality differed significantly between different ranges of glucose tolerance. Each study excluded participants with diabetes or prediabetes or previous MI at baseline.
The researchers found that among 41,509 patients who developed acute MI during the studies, 51.5% had normal glucose tolerance whereas 28.8% had developed prediabetes and 19.7% had developed diabetes. DeFronzo noted that a coin flip essentially determined whether participants with diabetes or prediabetes or those with normal glucose tolerance would experience an MI.
The meta-analysis further revealed that participants with prediabetes had a 43% higher major adverse cardiovascular event incidence ratio than those with normal glucose tolerance whereas those with diabetes had a 50% increase in the ratio. In addition, compared with those with normal glucose tolerance, those with prediabetes had a 44% higher incidence rate ratio for annual mortality, and the measure was 71% higher for those with diabetes.
However, the differences between the groups with prediabetes and diabetes for both MACE and mortality did not reach significance, suggesting that the progression from HbA1c levels associated with prediabetes to those with diabetes does not alter CV risk to a significant degree, according to DeFronzo.
Insulin resistance predicts CVD
DeFronzo said that the underlying elements of metabolic syndrome, or what he calls “insulin resistance syndrome,” is where the real problem resides. These include obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation and hyperinsulinemia, which DeFronzo said have all showed similar insulin resistance rates compared with diabetes in insulin clamp studies.
“That’s why if you have diabetes and you gain weight, that’s a major problem; because now you’re superimposing the insulin resistance of obesity on the insulin resistance of diabetes,” DeFronzo said during the presentation. “These are all very different diseases, but they all have the same biochemical defect. ... The insulin resistance is there long before you develop diabetes.”
Even when looking at glucose measures, DeFronzo warned against lumping measures of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance together when assessing risk. Although there is an association between heightened CVD risk and IGT as measured by 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests, the same does not hold for IFG.
“You cannot have the same pathophysiology with people with IGT,” DeFronzo said during the presentation. “When we talk about IGT, you really have to distinguish between IGT and IFG.”
DeFronzo and colleagues performed an additional meta-analysis of 17 studies that assessed how well CVD could be predicted by insulin resistance. One study revealed that those with higher measures of insulin resistance according to HOMA-IR were at greater risk for CVD over 8 years of follow-up, and another found that the relative risk for coronary heart disease reached 73% for those with normal glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome vs. those without metabolic syndrome.
To combat insulin resistance and its apparent ability to raise CVD risk, DeFronzo outlined details from the Insulin Resistance after Stroke study in which researchers recruited 3,876 participants without diabetes but with insulin resistance who had experienced a stroke. Participants were randomly assigned to either pioglitazone or placebo during 5 years of follow-up. Pioglitazone reduced the incidence of recurrent stroke or MI by 24% (HR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62-0.93) and also had positive effects on obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, according to DeFronzo.
“I would argue that the best drug that we have for the treatment of cardiovascular disease is pioglitazone,” DeFronzo said. “The problem is there’s a perception with pioglitazone and that’s the problem. It’s not that the drug doesn’t work.”
DeFronzo further described the molecular mechanisms that lead to the blocking of nitric oxide and activation of atherogenesis as well as genetically inherited insulin resistance, which means that developing CVD can be just a matter of time for some patients.
“The whole story of hyperglycemia in diabetes has really very little to do with cardiovascular disease. The problem starts long before you are hyperglycemic,” DeFronzo said. “From the diabetic standpoint, we’ve got to control the glucose. We don’t want people going blind or on dialysis. However, that has very, very little to do with protection against cardiovascular disease. From the standpoint of cardiovascular disease, what we really need to do is to correct the underlying components of the insulin resistance syndrome.” – by Phil Neuffer
Reference:
DeFronzo RA, et al. Prediabetes: The Prelude to Macrovascular Complications. Presented at: Heart in Diabetes CME Conference; July 12-14, 2019; Philadelphia.
Hanley AJG, et al. Diabetes Care. 2002;doi:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1177.
Insomaa B, et al. Diabetes Care. 2001;doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.4.683.
Kernan WN, et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506930.
Disclosure: DeFronzo reports that he has served on the advisory board for Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Janssen, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Intarcia; received honorarium from Elcelyx and Astra Zeneca; received research support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca and Janssen; received a research grant from Merck and served on the speaker’s bureau for Novo Nordisk.