What are melanoma symptoms?

Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer. It develops in the melanocytes, which are cells that produce the pigment responsible for skin color.

Although there is not one single cause for the onset of melanoma, exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) from natural sunlight or tanning beds elevates a person’s risk for developing melanoma. You can decrease this risk by limiting your exposure to UV radiation. People with fair skin, a family history of melanoma, many moles on their bodies or weakened immune systems also are at higher risk for melanoma.

The risk for melanoma appears to be on the rise in people aged older than 40 years, particularly women. If it is caught early, melanoma can be successfully treated.

Melanoma can be detected by observing changes in the moles on your body. To help remember what to look for when checking moles, experts recommend using the “ABCDE” mnemonic:

A stands for asymmetrical shape: Moles that have an unusual or uneven shape, such as two very different halves, should be brought to your doctor’s attention.
B stands for irregular border: Rather than having smooth, even borders, melanomas may have jagged or puckered-looking borders.
C is for changes in color: Any darkening, lightening, or changes in distribution in color should be checked by a doctor.
D stands for diameter: Be aware of any changes in the size of a mole, and see a doctor for changes in moles larger than one-quarter inch (about 6 mm).
E stands for evolving: If you notice any changes at all in a mole and are concerned, it is best to see a doctor.

In addition, moles that begin to itch, bleed or ooze should be examined by a doctor.
Some types of melanoma are called “hidden melanomas” because they occur in areas that people usually do not check. These include the following:

Acral lentiginous melanoma: Melanomas that develop under a fingernail or toenail, or on the palms of hands or soles of feet. These are usually more common in black people or those with darker skin pigment.
Mucosal melanomas: These melanomas occur in the mucous membranes lining the nose, mouth, esophagus, anus, urinary tract or vagina. These are easily mistaken for other common conditions, and are therefore difficult to identify. If you notice anything that seems unusual in any of these areas of your body, tell your doctor.
Ocular melanoma: Melanoma can occur in the eye, usually in the layer that is just beneath the white of the eye. This melanoma may cause vision changes, and may be found during a routine eye examination.

Early detection is essential to successful treatment of melanoma. In addition to self-examination, you might consider annual examinations by a dermatologist.