Issue: August 2017
June 14, 2017
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Long-term aspirin use in older patients increases risk for major bleeding

Issue: August 2017
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Patients who had an MI, transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke and received aspirin-based antiplatelet treatment without proton pump inhibitors had an increased long-term risk for disabling or fatal bleeding, according to a study in The Lancet.

Perspective from JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH

The effect was especially apparent in patients aged at least 75 years, the researchers wrote.

“We have known for some time that aspirin increases the risk of bleeding for elderly patients,” Peter Rothwell, MD, PhD, FRCP, professor of clinical neurology and head of the Centre for the Prevention of Stroke and Dementia at University of Oxford in England, said in a press release. “Our new study gives us a much clearer understanding of the size of the increased risk and of the severity and consequences of bleeds.”

Effects of secondary prevention

To establish the severity, age-specific risks, predictors, outcomes, site and time course of bleeding complications related to secondary prevention of vascular events, Linxin Li, DPhil, clinical research fellow at University of Oxford, and colleagues reviewed data from 3,166 patients with ischemic stroke, acute TIA or MI who were treated with antiplatelet therapy from 2002 to 2012. Aspirin was the main form of antiplatelet treatment in patients younger than 75 years (97%) and aged at least 75 years (95%). Patients were followed up periodically until 2013.

Among the cohort, 65% of patients had a cerebrovascular event (n = 2,072), whereas 1,094 patients (35%) had an MI. Half of the patients in the cohort (n = 1,582) were aged 75 years or older, and of those, 577 patients were aged 85 years or older.

During 13,509 patient-years of follow-up, 405 bleeding events required medical attention, most of which were upper gastrointestinal (n = 218).

Of the patients whose bleeding events occurred in the hospital or required hospital admission (78%; n = 314), 37% of events were not recorded in administrative coding.

Risk for bleeding events

The risk for major bleeds did not increase in patients younger than 70 years, although it increased in patients aged at least 75 years at 10 years (HR = 3.1; 95% CI, 2.27-4.24), especially for fatal bleeds (HR = 5.53; 95% CI, 2.65-11.54), major upper gastrointestinal bleeds (HR = 4.13; 95% CI, 2.6-6.57) and disabling or fatal upper gastrointestinal bleeds (HR = 10.26; 95% CI, 4.37-24.13).

Among patients aged 75 years and older, 62% of major upper gastrointestinal bleeds were fatal or disabling vs. 47% of recurrent ischemic strokes. Within the older patient population, 45 patients experienced fatal intracerebral hemorrhage vs. 18 patients in the younger group (absolute risk per 1,000 patient-years = 9.5; 95% CI, 6.67-12.24).

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At 5 years, the number needed to treat with proton pump inhibitors to prevent one fatal or disabling upper gastrointestinal bleed was 338 in patients younger than 65 years, but 25 in patients aged at least 85 years.

“Given that half of the major bleeds in patients aged 75 years or older were upper gastrointestinal, the estimated [number needed to treat] for routine [proton pump inhibitor] use to prevent major upper gastrointestinal bleed is low, and co-prescription should be considered in future secondary prevention guidelines,” Li and colleagues wrote. “More research is still required into how best to identify patients at high risk of bleeding, how to reduce the risk of non-upper gastrointestinal bleeds and into the overall balance of risks and benefits of long-term antiplatelet treatment at older ages in both primary and secondary prevention.”

“The ... consequence of Li and colleagues’ study is its support for the need to use [proton pump inhibitors] in patients on antiplatelet therapy aged 75 years or older or in patients with a history of gastrointestinal bleeds,” Hans-Christoph Diener, MD, PhD, professor of neurology and co-chairman of non-surgical intensive care medicine at the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany, wrote in a related comment. “[Proton pump inhibitors] are underused in patients on antiplatelet therapy, perhaps because the consequences of upper gastrointestinal bleeds were underestimated in elderly patients who were treated with aspirin.” – by Darlene Dobkowski

Disclosures: Rothwell reports receiving personal fees from Bayer. Please see the study for the other researchers’ relevant financial disclosures. Diener reports receiving honoraria related to antiplatelet therapy or proton pump inhibitors from AstraZeneca, Bayer Vital, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi Aventis and Servier. Please see the editorial for his other financial disclosures.