Placenta

Among pregnancies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, those with small for gestational age infants were significantly more likely to demonstrate increased perivillous fibrin deposition in the placenta, according to data.

Exposure to phthalates — chemicals found in many common consumer products — may disrupt placental corticotropin-releasing hormone, causing negative pregnancy outcomes, according to a study published in Environment International.

Depression or maternal stress episodes during pregnancy were linked with placental gene modifications that can lead to potential fetal brain programming, according to a study published in Epigenomics.

A small study of pregnant women who were diagnosed with COVID-19 found that these women had placental abnormalities that can be associated with adverse outcomes.