Blood Pressure

In severe aortic valve regurgitation, Mayne’s sign is a decrease in the diastolic blood pressure of 15 mm Hg or greater in the arm when it is held above the head.

Hypotension is an abnormally low blood pressure. This can occur for many reasons; however, the most common causes include shock and medication side effects.

In severe aortic valve regurgitation, Hill’s sign refers to a popliteal systolic blood pressure exceeding brachial systolic blood pressure by 60 mm Hg or greater.

Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is not able to pump enough blood to generate adequate cardiac output to maintain normal blood pressure.

An S4 heart sound cannot be present during atrial fibrillation (atrial kick is required).

The physical examination findings during STEMI are similar to those of stable angina, unstable angina and non-STEMI, although frequently more dramatic due to the larger proportion of ischemic myocardium.

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a hormone that is mediated predominantly through the sympathetic nervous system and acts by stimulating alpha and beta receptors.