Study shows US is dialyzing older, comorbid patients more often than other developed nations

A new study shows that a higher proportion of patients older than 85 with advanced chronic kidney disease receive renal replacement therapy in the United States than in other developed countries. The findings appear online in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN).

A study published in CJASN in March 2016 found no significant survival advantage among elderly kidney failure patients who chose dialysis over conservative management.

Susan Wong, MD (University of Washington) and her colleagues conducted a retrospective study to determine how often patients with advanced CKD do not receive RRT, the characteristics of these patients, and the clinical context in which decisions about RRT occur. The team identified a national cohort of 28,568 patients with very advanced CKD who were receiving care within the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) between 2000 and 2009. Using a combination of linked administrative data from the VA, Medicare, and the United States Renal Data System the investigators identified patients who received RRT through Oct. 1, 2010. For the remaining cohort members, the researchers performed an in-depth review of the VA-wide electronic medical record for a random 25% sample to understand the clinical course and treatment status of their CKD.

Based on administrative data, the researchers found that 67.1% of cohort members received RRT. Based on the results of chart review, the team estimates that an additional 7.5% of cohort members had in fact received at least one dialysis treatment not captured in administrative data, 10.9% were discussing and/or preparing for dialysis but had not yet started dialysis at the end of follow-up, and a decision had been made not to pursue dialysis in 14.5% of patients.

At most recent follow-up, the overwhelming majority (85.5%) of patients had either received, or were preparing to receive, RRT. Even among members of the oldest age group (≥85 years) with the highest burden of comorbidity, most (51.2%) received or were preparing to receive RRT at the last follow-up point.

“In Canada, investigators estimated that 51.4% of patients with kidney failure, and only 6.8% of those ≥85 years, are treated with RRT,” said Wong. “In New Zealand and Australia, an estimated 51.2% of patients, and <5.0% of elderly patients, are treated with RRT. Life expectancy after initiation of maintenance dialysis in very old patients is severely limited, and older patients experience high rates of hospitalization and transition to assisted nursing facilities after initiation of treatment. Our findings underscore the importance of shared decision-making for dialysis to ensure that treatment decisions uphold the priorities and preferences of individual patients and are grounded in realistic expectations about prognosis and the expected benefits and harms of this treatment.”

In an accompanying editorial, Jennifer Scherer, MD from NYU School of Medicine, and Alvin Moss, MD, from West Virginia University, noted that changes are needed in the practice of kidney care, or nephrology. “Despite the integration of palliative care into the care of patients with cancer and other chronic diseases, a national policy shift towards patient-centered care, and recognition by nephrology fellows over a decade ago that more palliative care education is needed in their training, Wong et al. have shown that nephrology practice in the United States has not kept pace,” they wrote. “The leaders in the nephrology interdisciplinary community including nephrologists, nurses, social workers, dietitians, and technicians, in collaboration with palliative care clinicians, need to make the implementation of a comprehensive model of renal supportive care delivery a priority for the growing population of older patients with advanced CKD,” they added.

Moss co-authored an article in NN&I’s April 2016 issue, entitled “Providing supportive care to patients with kidney disease.” The author’s wrote “Many dialysis professionals find themselves in the predicament of wanting to provide supportive care, especially symptom management and referral to hospice when appropriate, but feel ill-equipped to do so. Recent research indicates that supportive care needs are going unmet in dialysis and that many professionals are unaware of the tools and resources available that may enable them to provide such care.”